Grammarandusage1.定义修饰动词、形容词、副词等的句子成分叫做状语（adverbial)。IwasbornonJune9th1982inGuangxi.Heiswritingwithapen.Inordertocatchupwithmyclassmates,Imuststudyhard.2.功用状语说明地点、时间、原因、目的、结果、条件、方向、程度、方式和伴随状况等。判断下列各句中状语的功用：6.Shecameinwithadictionaryinherhand.7.Inordertocatchupwiththeothers,Imustworkharder.8.Hewassotiredthathefellasleepimmediately.9.Sheworksveryhardthoughsheisold.10.Iamtallerthanheis.11.Heoftencomeslatetoschool.不定式作状语常用来表目的、结果,原因,条件等。1）目的状语TolearnEnglishwell,hewenttoEngland.Inordertoachievetheaim,wemustlearnfromothercountries.注：表目的的不定式还常与soas或inorder连用，构成soas(not)todo和inorder(not)todo结构，其中soas(not)todo不能用于句首。例如：Togetthereintime,wegotupveryearly.=Inordertogetthereintime,wegotupveryearly.=Wegotupveryearly(inorder/soas)togetthereintime.注意：有时，不定式还可修饰一个句子，表明说话人的态度。常见的这类不定式有totellyouthetruth，tobehonest，tobefrank，tobefair等。例如：Totellyouthetruth,Idon’tlikethefilm.Tomkeptquietabouttheaccident_______losehisjob.A.sonotastoB.soasnottoC.soastonotD.notsoasto现在分词作状语可表示时间，原因，结果，条件，让步，方式，伴随等，可转化为相应的状语从句。在逻辑上句子的主语与分词有主谓关系。1.表时间Walkingoutoftheroom,hesawtheboystillthere.=Whenhewalkedoutoftheroom,he..2.表原因Beingill,hedidn’tgotoschoolyesterday.=Becausehewasill,he...Notmasteringthewayofstudying,Ididn’tgetagoodresult.=AsIdidn’tmasterthewayofstudying,i...3.表结果（并列谓语）Hisfatherdied,leavinghimalotofmoney.=hisfatherdiedandlefthim...Thefirelastednearlyamonth,leavingnothingvaluable.=Thefirelastednearlyamonthandleftnothingvaluable.4.表条件Workinghardatyourlessons,youwillsucceed.=Ifyouworkhardatyourlessons,you...Ifyoudon’tmakeuseoftime,youwillregret.=Notmakinguseofthetime,youwill...5.表让步Knowingallthis,theymademepayforthedamage.=Athoughtheyknewallthis,they...Studyingfrommorningtillnight,Ididn’tpasstheexam.=AthoughIstudiedfrommorningtillnight,I...6.表方式,伴随状语(并列结构）Helayonthegrass,staringattheskyforalongtime.=Helayonthegrassandstaredatthe...Thegirlcameintotheclassroom,singinganddancing.=Thegrilcameintotheclassroomandtheysanganddanced.2.动词ing形式做状语，其逻辑主语必须与句子