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TheHistoryofUrologicSurgeryIrminaNahon,PhD(c),GordonWaddington,PhD,GraceDorey,PhD,FCSP,RogerAdams,PhDUrolNurs.2011;31(3):173-180.AbstractandIntroductionAbstractBladderfunctionhasinterestedmansinceprehistorictimes.Evidenceofhealthandwellbeingwasoftenmeasuredfromobservationofurine.Whenurologicfunctionwasimpaired,theextentoftheensuingpainoftencalledfordramaticmeasurestoobtainrelief.Thepracticeofurologyhasadvancedsubstantiallysincethedayswhenreedswereusedtoalleviateobstructionofthebladder.Thisarticlepresentsabriefhistoricaloverviewofurologyandthestridesmadeinprostatesurgerywithmoderntechnology.IntroductionFromancienttimes,manconsideredurinetobepermeatedwith,"soulsubstances,"andforsomeearlyAfricansocieties,rainwasconsideredtheurineofadeity(Roheim,1930).Whiletheideaofurinebeingrubbedonthebodytoprotectagainstevilspirits(Wershub,1970)seemsstrange,somesuperstitiousbeliefsandremediesmayactuallyhavesomebasisintermsoftherapeuticeffects.Theuseofurineforcosmeticorhygienicpurposescanbefoundthroughouthistorytocure,soften,andwhitenanimalskins(Auel,1985).Theammoniainurine,whenusedasamouthwash,worksprophylacticallyagainstdentalcavities.PierrRauchard,knownasthefatherofdentistry,recommended,"rectifiedurine"foruseasadentifriceandtoothacheremedy(Wershub,1970,p.11).Urinewasalsoutilizedasaskinsoftenerinthe17thcentury,withFrenchladiestakingurinebathstobeautifytheirskin.Itwasalsopromotedasacureforcornsandwarts,andasasubstancethatcouldcurebaldnessbypromotingnewhairgrowth.Urinewasoneofthemain'humors,"orbodilyfluids,usedbymedicinemen,doctors,andcharlatansaliketoassessthewellbeingoftheirpatients.Collectingurineforfunctionalpurposesmayhaveledincidentallytotheobservationthaturinequalitieschangewithdifferingstatesofhealth.Forexample,Hippocratesobservedthatachangeinwaterconsumedcouldchangethestateofurine(Hippocrates,400BCE-a).ThesignificanceofchangesintheappearanceofurinewasdiscussedbyGalen(129-216ACE).Bythemiddleages,therewereseveraltreatiseswrittenontheartofuroscopy,whichconsistedofanalyz
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