Externalities外部性MarketEfficiency-MarketFailures市场效率和市场失败MarketFailures:Externalities市场失败：外部性Anexternalityarises...外部性在此时产生MarketFailures:ExternalitiesAutomobileexhaust汽车尾气Cigarettesmoking抽烟Barkingdogs(loudpets)大宠物嚎叫在你的鼓里有个好东西Loudstereosinanapartmentbuilding公寓里的立体音响Immunizations免疫Restoredhistoricbuildings重修历史建筑Researchintonewtechnologies研究新技术TheMarketforAluminum...铝市场TheMarketforAluminumandWelfareEconomics铝市场和福利经济学TheMarketforAluminumandWelfareEconomics铝市场和福利经济学TheMarketforAluminumandWelfareEconomics铝市场和福利经济学QMARKETNegativeExternalitiesinProduction生产中的负外部性AchievingtheSociallyOptimalOutputAchievingtheSociallyOptimalOutputPositiveExternalitiesinProduction生产中正的外部性PositiveExternalitiesinProductionPositiveExternalitiesinProduction...生产中正的外部性PositiveExternalitiesinProductionInternalizingExternalities:Subsidies内部化外部性：补贴TechnologyPolicy技术政策TechnologyPolicy技术政策InternalizingProductionExternalities内部化生产的外部性ConsumptionExternalities...消费的外部性ExternalitiesandMarketInefficiencyPrivateSolutionstoExternalities外部性的私人解决办法TypesofPrivateSolutionstoExternalitiesTheCoaseTheorem科斯定理交易成本TransactionsCostsWhyPrivateSolutionsDoNotAlwaysWork为什么私人解决并不总是有效PublicPolicyTowardExternalities针对外部性的公共政策Command-and-ControlPoliciesMarket-BasedPolicies市场为基础的政策ExamplesofRegulationversusPigoviantax管制还是庇古税Market-BasedPolicies市场为基础的政策TheEquivalenceofPigovianTaxesandPollutionPermits...庇古税均衡和污染许可均衡SummarySummarySummaryGraphicalReviewTheMarketforAluminum...PollutionandtheSocialOptimum...PositiveExternalitiesinProduction...ConsumptionExternalities...TheEquivalenceofPigovianTaxesandPollutionPermits...