第一单元Manager：Someonewhocoordinatesandoverseestheworkofotherpeoplesothatorganizationalgoalscanbeaccomplished管理者：通过协调和监管其他人的工作活动以实现组织目标的人员First-lineManagers：Individualswhomanagetheworkofnon-managerialemployees.MiddleManagers：Individualswhomanagetheworkoffirst-linemanagers.TopManagers：Individualswhoareresponsibleformakingorganization-widedecisionsandestablishingplansandgoalsthataffecttheentireorganization.基层管理者：最底层的管理人员，他们管理着非管理雇员所从事的工作。中层管理者：对基层管理者进行管理的人员。高层管理者：负责为整个组织制定决策、计划和目标并进而影响整个组织的管理人员。Management：coordinatingandoverseeingtheworkactivitiesofotherssothattheiractivitiesarecompletedefficientlyandeffectively.管理：协调和监管他人的工作活动，从而使其有效率、有效果地完成工作。Efficiency：Doingthingsright，orGettingthemostoutputfortheleastinputs效率：正确地做事，或者以尽可能少的投入获得尽可能多的产出Effectiveness：Doingtherightthings，orAttainingorganizationalgoals效果：做正确的事情，或者实现组织的目标Planning:managementfunctionthatinvolvessettinggoals,establishingstrategiesforachievingthosegoals,anddevelopingplanstointegrateandcoordinateactivities.Organizing:managementfunctionthatinvolvesarrangingandstructuringworktoaccomplishorganizationalgoals.Leading:managementfunctionthatinvolvesworkingwithandthroughpeopletoaccomplishorganizationalgoals.Controlling:managementfunctionthatinvolvesmonitoring,comparing,andcorrectingworkperformance计划：设定目标，确定实现这些目标的战略，并且制定计划以整合和协调各种活动组织：安排各项工作，以实现组织目标领导：同他人合作并通过他人去实现目标控制：对员工的工作进行监控、比较和纠正ManagementRoles:specificactionsorbehaviorsexpectedofamanager.Interpersonalroles:managerialrolesthatinvolvepeopleandotherdutiesthatareceremonialandsymbolicinnature.Informationalroles:managerialrolesthatinvolvecollecting,receiving,anddisseminatinginformation.Decisionalroles:managerialrolesthatrevolvearoundmakingchoices.管理角色：管理者按照人们的预期在实践中展示的具体行为或表现人际关系角色:人与人的关系以及其他礼仪性的和象征性的职责。信息传递角色：收集、接受和传播信息决策制定角色：作出决策和选择Technicalskills:job-specificknowledgeandtechniquesneededtoproficiencyperformworktasks.Humanskills:Theabilitytoworkwellwithotherpeopleindividuallyandinagroup.Conceptualskills:Theabilitytothinkandtoconceptua