Chapt1Ms:millius:microns:nanoKB:kiloMB:megaGB:GigaTB:TeraPB:PetaEB:ExaChapt2ENIAC：ElectronicNumericalIntegratorAndComputer十进制、switchprogram、真空管、30吨、5000加法/s冯诺依曼/图灵机Storedprogramconcept、mainmemorystoringprogramsanddata(1st)二进制、CPU中断指令IAS:PrincetonInstituteforAdvancedStudiesMBR:memorybufferregisterMAR:memoryaddressregisterIR:instructionregisterPC:programcounterACC:accumulatorGenerationsofcomputer:Moore’sLaw:IncreaseddensityofcomponentsonchipDoublingperformanceeveryyear(18months)IBM360series:Firstplanned“family”ofcomputersMultiplexedswitchstructureDECPDP-8FirstminicomputerBUSSTRUCTURECPU提高速度：Method:1.提高集成度2.Increasefrequency3.Pipelining,superscalar—parallelism4.MulticoreProblems:RC-delay;power,dissipatingheatSolutions:MultiplecoresMemory更大、提高存取速度Method:1.Increasedensityofchip//芯片密度2.Speeduprunfrequency3.AddcacheProblems:reduceparallelism(密度增加导致芯片减少，同时减少了并行)PerformanceMismatch:memoryspeedlagsbehindprocessorspeedSolutions:Makememorychipwider,increasenumberofbitsretrievedatonetimePerformanceMismatch:incorporatecaches:L1cache,L2cacheI/O提高速度1.Deviceitself2.Caching3.Buffering4.Newinterfacetechniques:USB、networktechnologyInterconnection提高速度1.增加传输线的宽度2.Higherspeedinterconnectionbuses//bus速度3.Moreelaboratebusstructure//bus结构~~hierarchy3principalconstituentsofacomputersystematIClevelIC(Microelectronics)gates,memorycellsandinterconnectionsgatesforprocessing,memorycellforstoragetheKeydistinguishingfeatureofamicroprocessoranswer:keydistinguishingfeatureofaprocessoristhenumberofbitsthattheprocessordealswithatatime.Chapt3指令周期FI--FetchInstructionDI--DecodeInstructionCO--CalculateOperandaddressFO--FetchOperandsEI--Executeoperation(Instruction)WO–WriteOperand(Storeresult)中断的定义interrupt:itisamechanismbywhichothermodules(e.g.I/O)mayinterruptnormalsequenceofprocessing中断的原因1.mayhandleexceptionevent:incomingdata,2.improveperformance:I/O和CPU并行工作3.time-sharing分时中断的类型1.program(异常)