****学院毕业设计附录B外文原文Thescopeofcivilengineering,constructionandmanagementCivilengineeringistheplanning,design,construction,andmanagementofthebuiltenvironment.Thisenvironmentincludesallstructuresbuiltaccordingtoscientificprinciples,fromirrigationanddrainagesystemstorocketlaunchingfacilities.Civilengineersbuildroads,bridges,tunnels,dams,harbors,powerplants,waterandsewagesystems,hospitals,schools,masstransit,andotherpublicfacilitiesessentialtomodernsocietyandlargepopulationconcentrations.Theyalsobuildprivatelyownedfacilitiessuchasairport,railroads,pipelines,skyscrapers,andotherlargestructuresdesignedforindustrial,commercial,orresidentialuse.Inaddition,civilengineersplan,design,andbuildcompletecitiesandtowns,andmorerecentlyhavebeenplanninganddesigningspaceplatformstohouseself-containedcommunities.ThewordcivilderivesfromtheLatinforcitizen.In1782,EnglishmanJohnSeatonusedthetermtodifferentiatehisnonmilitaryengineeringworkfromthatofthemilitaryengineerswhopredominatedatthetime.Sincethen,thetermcivilengineerhasoftenbeenusedtorefertoengineerswhobuildpublicfacilities,althoughthefieldismuchbroader.Engineeringisaprofession,whichmeansthatanengineermusthaveaspecializeduniversityeducation.Manygovernmentjurisdictionsalsohavelicensingprocedureswhichrequireengineeringgraduatestopassanexamination,similartothebarexaminationforalawyer,beforetheycanactivelystartontheircareers.Intheuniversity,mathematics,physics,andchemistryareheavilyemphasizedthroughouttheengineeringcurriculum,butparticularlyinthefirsttwoorthreeyears.Mathematicsisveryimportantinallbranchesofengineering,soitisgreatlystressed.Today,mathematicsincludescoursesinstatistics,whichdealswithgathering,classifying,andusingnumericaldata,orpiecesofinformation.Animportantaspectofstatisticalmathematicsisprobability,whichdealswithwhatmayhappenwhentherearedifferentfactors,orvariables,thatcanchangetheresultsofaproblem.Beforetheconstructionofabridgeisundertaken,forexample,astatisticalstudyismadeoftheamountoftrafficthebridgewillbeexpect