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英语专业八级考试样题听力理解部分录音材料文字稿TESTFORENGLISHMAJORSGRADEEIGHT(SAMPLETEST)TAPESCRIPTOFLISTENINGCOMPREHENSIONPartILISTENINGCOMPREHENSIONSECTIONAMINI-lECTUREInthissectionyouwillhearamini-lecture.YouwillhearthelectureONCEONLY.Whilelistening,takenotesontheimportantpoints.Yournoteswillnotbemarked,butyouwillneedthemtocompleteagap-fillingtaskonANSWERSHEETONEafterthemini-lecture.Usetheblanksheetfornote-taking.Nowlistentothemini-lecture.Goodmorning,everybody.Today'slectureisaboutAbrahamMaslow'shierarchyofneeds.Thisseemslikeapsychologicaltopic.Actually,itissomethingpsychological.AbrahamMaslowisapsychologist,andhe'sespeciallyknownforhistheoryofhumanneeds.OK,firstofall,whatisaneed?Here,wecansimplydefineitasapersonaJrequirement.Maslowbelievedthathumansare"wanting"beingswhoseektofulfillavarietyofneeds.Accordingtohistheory,theseneedscanbearrangedinanorderaccordingtotheirimportance.ItisthisorderthathasbecomeknownasMaslow'shierarchyofneeds.Inthishierarchyofneeds,atthemostbasiclevelarephysiologicalneeds.Fundamentally,humansarejustonespeciesofanimal.Weneedtokeepourselvesalive.Physiologicalneedsarewhatwerequireforsurvival.Theseneedsincludefoodandwater,shelter,andsleep.Atthislevel,forushumans,Maslowalsoincludestheneedforclothing.Howaretheseneedsusuallysatisfied?Itismainlythroughadequatewages.Then,whatisthenextlevelofneeds?Atthenextlevelaresafetyneeds,thethingswerequireforphysicalandemotionalsecurity.Physicalsecurityiseasytounderstand.Everybodyneedstokeephisbodysafefrominjury,illness,etc.Then,whatisemotionalsecurity?Well,that'smaybethepointinthishierarchyofneedswherehumansbegintodifferfromotheranimals.Wearethinkinganimals.Wehaveworries.WhatifIlostmyjob?WhatifIwerestruckdownbyaseveredisease?Besidesphysicalsecurity,weneedtothinkwearesafefrommisfortunesbothnowandintheforeseeablefuture.Howcantheseneedsbemetthen?AccordingtoMaslow,safetyneedsmaybesatisfiedthroughjobsecurity,healthinsurance,pensionplans,andsafeworkingconditions.Afterthisstagecomethelevelsofneedsthatareparticulartohumanbeings.Theimm
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