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Outline1.HistoryofLangaugeTestingandAssessmentASketchyHistory1.1Pre-scientificStageTraditionalTestingApproach1.2Psychometric-StructuralistTesting心理测量(cèliáng)-结构主义测试Discrete-pointTesting1.3Integrative-SociolinguisticTesting综合-社会(shèhuì)语言学测试1.4Pragmatic&CommunicativeTestingStage语用交际(jiāojì)测试阶段2.TypesofLanguageTestsTypesofLanguageTests2.1Formative&Summative2.2Criterion-referenced&Norm-referenced2.3Objective&Subjective2.4TestsClassifiedAccordingtoTestingPurposesProficiencyTestAchievementTestPlacementTestAptitudeTestDiagnosticTest2.5Discrete-point&Integrative2.6High-&Low-stakesTests测试(cèshì)种类总结3.TestingTechniquesTestingTechniques3.1Multiple-choiceQuestionsAdvantages:EfficiencyNeutralityUniversalityResponseclarityDisadvantages:AmbiguityNopartialcreditguessingTime-consumingforitemconsrtuction3.2Gap-fillingAdvantages:TestinggrammarorvocabularyEssytogradeRelativelyeasytoconstruct.Disadvantages:Ambiguity:morethanonepossiblecorrectanswers.Parentsowetheirchildrenasetofsolidvalues____whichtobuildtheirlives.(around/on)3.3Matching3.4TransformationAdvantages:TestinggrammarandunderstandingofformFairlyeasytogradeDisadvantages:Astudentmayrewritesentencestoaformula.3.5Cloze完形填空Advantages:Muchmoreintegrative;Effectivefortestinggrammar,vocabularyandintensivereading;Agoodindicatorofoveralllanguageproficiency.Disadvantages:Theremayhavemultiplecorrectanswers.3.6True/False3.7ErrorCorrection3.8DictationStandarddictation标准听写(tīngxiě)Partialdictation部分听写(tīngxiě)Dictationwithcompetingnoise干扰听写(tīngxiě)Dictation-composition听写(tīngxiě)作文Elicitedimitation复述听写(tīngxiě)3.9OpenQuestions3.10ShortAnswerQuestions3.11EssayWritingTypesofEssayWriting3.12Translation4.GeneralCriteriaofLanguageTesting4.1PracticalityAtestthatisprohibitivelyexpensiveisimpractical.Atestthattakesastudentstenhourstocompleteisimpractical.Atestthatrequiresindividualone-to-oneproctoringisimpractical.Atestthattakesafewminutesforastudenttotakeandseveralhoursforanexaminertoeval
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