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Chapter8GeometricalanalysisoffoldsKeyWordsFold褶皱Antiform背形Synform向形Anticline背斜Syncline向斜Gentlefold平缓褶皱Openfold开启褶皱Tightfold紧闭褶皱Isoclinalfold等斜褶皱Axialplane（褶皱）轴面foldaxis褶皱轴Core褶皱核部Limb翼部Hinge枢纽Trough槽Crest脊Limbs翼Foldprofile正交剖面Monocline挠曲Inflexionpoint拐点Roundedfold圆弧褶皱Angularfold尖棱褶皱Chevron膝折带Vergence褶皱倒向Homocline单斜Dipisogons等斜线Similarfold相似褶皱Parallelfold平行褶皱Overtrunedfold倒转褶皱Concentricfold同心褶皱Inclinedfold斜歪褶皱Closedfold中常褶皱UprightFold直立褶皱RecumbentFold.平卧褶皱Foldsareamongstthemostcommontectonicstructuresfoundinrocks,andcanmakesomeofthemostspectacularfeatures.Foldsareproducedbybendingofvarioussurfaces(bedding,foliationetc..),andaretheresultsoftheductiledeformationofrocks.Theycanoccuronallscalesandinallenvironments.Foldsoftenhavedifferentshapesanddifferentscales,varyingfromafewcentimeterstohundredsofkilometers.Thestudyontheshape,distribution,andmechanismoffoldsisveryimportanttoshowthedeformationhistoryofcertainregions.Foldsarealsocloselyrelatedtotheformationofores.Atthesametime,foldsareaveryimportantfactorinfluencingtheengineeringgeologicalenvironments.3.1foldandfoldelements3.1.1BasictypesoffoldsTherearelotsofdifferenttypesoffolds.Butaccordingtothebendingofsinglefoldedlayer,foldscanbeclassifiedintotwobasictypes:antiformandsynform.Anupwardclosingfoldiscalledanantiformwhileadownwardclosingoneiscalledasynform.Foldedlayerswitholdrockinthecorecalledanticline,andthosewithyoungerrocksinthecorecalledsyncline.Or,synclineisthefoldwhererocksbecomeyoungertowardsaxialsurfaceandanticlineisthefoldwhererocksbecomeoldertowardsaxialsurface.Iftherocksdipuniformlyinonedirection,itissaidtobehomocline(fromoldGreek:homo=same,cline=inclination).Ifthecoreofanantiformcontainstheoldestrocks,itiscalledanantiformalanticline,ifthecoreofasynformcontainstheyoungestrocksitiscalledasynformalsyncline.Ontheotherhandifthecoreofanantiformcontainsyoungerrocks,itiscalledantiformalsyncline,ifthecoreofasynformalstructurecontainsolderrocksitiscalledsynformalanticlines.3.1.2Co
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