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EnglishPhonetics1.WhatdoyouknowaboutPhonetics?PhoneticsTheContentsofPhoneticsLinguistics(语言学)1.TheElementsofaLanguage3.TheBranchesofPhonetics4.Whyphoneticsissoimportant?“Withoutphoneticstherecanbenomorphologyofaspokenlanguage,withoutintonationtherecanbenosyntax,"asProfessorFirthdeclared.ProfessorA.C.Gimsonalsonotedthat“tospeakanylanguageapersonmustknownearly100%ofitsphonetics,Whileonly50-90%ofitsgrammarand1%ofthevocabularymaybesufficient.”6.InternationalPhoneticAlphabet(IPA)1)TheReasonforIPAbeingdevised:a.Differencebetweensoundandspellingb.Unsuccessfulefforttothespellingreform2)TheIPAbeingdevisedItisclearthatonecannotdependonthespellingofwordstodescribethesoundsofEnglish,orofanyotherlanguage.Aspecialdevicewasneeded.8.TheCharacteristicsofIPA----basedontheRomanletters;----Eachsymbolhasaconsistentvalue;----Eachphoneticsymbolrepresentsoneandonlyonedistinctivesound.9.TheTypesofIPAIPAhastwotypesoftranscription,namely,thePhonemicBroadTranscriptionandPhoneticNarrowTranscription.BroadTranscriptionisawayoftranscribingonlythesoundsthatcontrastwordsinmeaningwithoutprovidinganydetailswhicharenotcrucialorsignificant,isgenerallycalledthebroadtranscription,whichisusedinmostdictionaries.Forfurtherstudyofthepronunciationofthewordsofalanguage,amoredetailedphonetictranscriptionwouldbeused,whichisusuallycalledthenarrowtranscription.Thisnarrowtranscriptionmayprovideminutedifferencesinproducingsounds.Forexample,“top”istranscribedas/tCp/bythebroadtranscription,butas/thCp/bythenarrowtranscription,“h”isaddedtoindicatetheaspirationfeatureofthesound/t/.Note:TheexistingnewsystemofIPA----pronunciationinEnglishPronouncingDictionary,13thed.byD.Jones;Nottheoldone----thepronunciationinEnglishPronouncingDictionary,14thed.byA.C.Gimson.Generallyspeaking,AmEincludesEasternAmerican,SouthernAmericanandGeneralAmerican(GA).GAisspokenbythemajorityoftheAmericanpeople.Itiswidelyusedintextbooks,radioandTVprogrammesintheU.S.A..11.Purpose----Tomakeourselveseasilyunderstoodwh
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