会计学3.1GeneralPrinciplesforDesigningSaferChemicals3.2.Techniquesindesigningofsaferchemicals3.2.1Understandingofthebasictoxicityandcorrespondingmoleculardesign(毒理学分析及相关分子(fēnzǐ)设计)3.2.2TheuseofSARstodesignsaferchemicals(利用构效关系设计安全的化学品)3.2.3TheuseofGroupContributionMethodtoconstructSARs(利用基团贡献法构筑构效关系)3.2.4Theuseofisostericreplacementtodesignsaferchemicals(利用等电排置换设计更加安全的化学品)3.2.5softchemicaldesign(“软”化学设计)3.2.6Theuseofanotherkindofmaterialtoreplacethehazardousone(用另一类有相同功效而无毒的物质替代有毒有害物质)3.2.7Eliminationtheneedofhazardousassociatedmaterials(消除有毒辅助物品的使用)3.2.1UnderstandingofthebasictoxicityandcorrespondingmoleculardesignOncetoxicityisunderstood,strategicstructuralmodificationscanbemadethatdirectlyorindirectlyattenuate(削弱(xuēruò))toxicitybutdonotreducethecommercialusefulnessofthechemical.Thereareseveralapproachesthatprovidetheframeworkformolecularmodificationneededfortherationaldesignofsaferchemicals.Toxicologicalmechanismstructuralmodificationsofthemolecule1、ReducingAbsorption2、Useoftoxicmechanismtoeliminatetoxicity3、Useofstructure-activity(toxicity)relationships4、Useofisostericreplacement（等电排置换(zhìhuàn)）5、Useofretrometabolic(后代谢)(softchemical软化学)design6、Identificationofequallyefficacious,lesstoxicchemicalsubstitutes7、Eliminationoftheneedforassociatedtoxicsubstances3.2.1.1ToxicityofchemicalsExposuretothechemicalsubstance:Thecontactofthesubstancewiththeskin,mouthornostrils(鼻孔(bíkǒng))Bio-availability:Theabilityofasubstancetobeabsorbedintoanddistributedwithinalivingorganism(e.g.,humans,fish)toareaswheretoxiceffectsareexertedandisafunctionofthetoxicokineticsofthesubstance.Toxicokinetics(毒性动力学相):theinterrelationship(内在(nèizài)关系)ofabsorption,distribution,metabolismandexcretion.AspectsofchemicaltoxicityAspectsofchemicaltoxicityToxicokineticsphase(毒性动力学相)Theabsorption,distribution,metabolizationandexcretionofchemicalsinorganicbody(化学品在生命机体内吸收、分布(fēnbù)、代谢和排泄的内在关系)Toxicodynamics（毒性动态学相）Theinteractionbetweenthetoxicophoreofthechemicalwiththecellmoleculeo