天体的距离是天文学中最基本的参数脉冲星很特别：理想的点源（星际介质的理想探针）相干辐射射电辐射的on和off短时标脉冲和DM的可测性脉冲周期的稳定性——timing技术。。。。。。。1、Independentdistanceestimatesorconstraints1.1、脉冲星三角视差PSRB1929+10TimingparallaxModeltimingresidualsParallexsignatureofPSRJ0437－4715DE405PulsarParallax(mas)Distance(kpc)TechReference1.B0329+540.94±0.111.03±0.12RABrisken2001(PhDT)2.J0437-47157.19±0.140.139±0.003T2001Natur.412..158V3.B0809+742.31±0.040.433±0.008RABrisken2001(PhDT)4.B0823+262.8±0.60.36±0.06RA1986AJ.....91..974G5.B0833-453.5±0.20.287±0.019OA2003ApJ...596.1137D6.B0919+060.83±0.131.21±0.19RA2001ApJ...550..287C7.B0950+083.82±0.070.262±0.005RA2000ApJ...541..959B8.B1133+162.80±0.160.35±0.02RABrisken2001(PhDT)9.B1237+251.16±0.080.85±0.06RABrisken2001(PhDT)10.B1451-682.2±0.30.46±0.07RA1990Natur.343..240B11.B1534+120.93±0.131.08±0.14T1998ApJ...505..352S12.J1713+07470.9±0.31.1±0.5RA1994ApJ...437L..39C13.J1744-11342.8±0.30.36±0.04T1999ApJ...523L.171T14.B1855+091.1±0.30.9±0.3T1994ApJ...428..713K15.J1909-37441.22±0.440.8±0.4RA2003ApJ...599L..99J16.B1929+103.02±0.090.33±0.01RABrisken2001(PhDT)17.B2016+281.03±0.100.97±0.1RABrisken2001(PhDT)18.B2020+280.37±0.122.3±0.6RABrisken2001(PhDT)19.B2021+510.50±0.071.9±0.3RABrisken2001(PhDT)20.Geminga6.4±1.70.157±0.0341996ApJ...461L..91C21.Vela3.4±0.70.294±0.072001ApJ...561..930C22.J1856.5-37547±20.140±0.0402002ApJ...571..447KShklovskii19701.2中性氢的发射和吸收DU1.3PulsardistancesfromOpticalassociations2.PulsardistancesfromDMNE2001：银河系电子密度分布模型角至宽LargescalecomponentsLHB：LocalHotBubbleLoop1：LSB：LocalSuperBubbleLDR：LowDensityRegionVelaGumLocalISMcomponents电子密度分布银河系结构