语言学linguisticsLinguisticsisgenerallydefinedasthescientificstudyoflanguage.语言学范围语音学phonetics音系学phonology形态学morphology句法学syntax语义学semantics语用学pragmtics语言学的重要描述1.prescriptive&descriptive.Modernlinguistics,linguisticstudycarriedoutinthiscenturyismostlydescriptive.2.synchronic&diachronic.Inmodernlinguistics,synchronicstudyseemstoenjoypriorityoverdiachronicstudy.3.speech&writing.regardsthespokenlanguageasprimary,notthewritten.语言languageisasystemofarbitraryvocalsymbolsusedforhumancommunication.语言特征任意性arbitrariness.Thismeansthatthereisnologicalconnectionbetweenmeaningsandsounds.两重性duality.Languageisasystem,whichconsistsoftwosetsofstructures,ortwolevels.Atthelowerorthebasiclevelthereisastructureofsounds,whicharemeaningless.元音辅音的区别thebasicdifferencebetweenavowelandaconsonantisthatifthereisaobstructionofanykindinthethroat,thenose,orthemouth.辅音分类1.mannerofarticulation2.theplaceofarticulation最小对立体Whentwodifferentformsareidenticalineverywayexceptforonesoundsegmentwhichoccursinthesameplaceinthestrings,thetwowordsaresaidtoformaminimalpair.句法学Morphologyisabranchofgrammarwhichstudiestheinternalstructureofwordsandtherulesbywhichwordsareformed.词素Morphemeisthesmallestmeaningfulunitoflanguage.Freemorphemes,whichareindependentunitsofmeaningandcanbeusedfreelyallbythemselves.Boundmorphemescannotbeusedbythemselves.屈折缀inflectionalaffixesdonotchangethewordclass,donotchangethemeaningofwords派生缀derivationalaffixes句法学Syntaxisasubfieldoflinguisticsthatstudiesthesentencestructureoflanguage.句子的类型thesimplesentence简单句thecoordinatesentence并列句thecomplexsentence复杂句语义学Semanticsisdefinedasthestudyofmeaning命名论thenamingtheory议念论theconceptualistview语境论contextualism行为论behaviorismSenseisconcernedwiththeinherentmeaningofthelinguisticform.Referencemeanswhatalinguisticformreferstointhereal,physicalworld.Majorsenserelations:synonymy同义关系(dialectalsynonyms方言同义词stylisticsynonyms文体差异)polysemy一词多义homonymy同音同形hyponymy上下义antonymy反义关系（gradableantonyms分等级complementaryantonyms互补性e.g”alive”和”dead”relation