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预防出生缺陷的基本知识Whatisabirthdefect?什么是出生缺陷?Abnormalmorphologyoftenshowscongenitalmalformations,suchaschildrenwithoutbrain,spinabifida,cleftlip,abnormallimbs,est..形态结构异常常表现为先天畸形,例如无脑儿、脊柱裂、兔唇、四肢异常等。Defectsofphysiologicalfunctionsandmetabolismoftenleadtocongenitalmentalretardation,deafness,dumb.生理功能和代谢方面的出生缺陷常常导致先天性智力低下、聋、哑等。在出生缺陷中以先天性心脏病、唐氏综合征、神经管畸形等最为常见。Amongthebirthdefects,congenitalheartdisease,Down’ssyndromeandneuraltubedefectsarethemostcommondiseases.WhatisDown‘ssyndrome?什么是唐氏综合征(先天愚型)?MainclinicalmanifestationsofDown‘ssyndrome唐氏综合征的主要临床表现Severementalretardation严重的智力低下Uniqueface,suchaseyeswideapart,lownose独特的面容,如眼距宽、鼻梁低Infertilemalepatients,femalepatientswithoccasionalfertility男性患者无生育能力,女性患者偶有生育能力50%ofchildrenwithcongenitalheartdisease.50%患儿伴有先天性心脏病Whatisopenneuraltubedefects?什么是开放性神经管缺损?Factorsaffectingneuraltubeclosureincludesvirusinfectioninpregnancy,lackoffolicacidintakeormetabolicabnormalitiesoffolicacid,malnutrition,andgeneticfactors,est.影响神经管闭合的因素有孕期病毒感染、叶酸摄入不足或代谢异常、营养不良及遗传因素等Causesofbirthdefects出生缺陷的原因遗传因素(Geneticfactors)遗传因素(Geneticfactors)遗传因素(Geneticfactors)环境因素(Environmentalfactors)和遗传及共同作用致畸率与暴露的时间有关Teratogenicrateandtheexposuretime致畸率与暴露的时间有关Teratogenicrateandtheexposuretime怀孕第几周最容易引起胎儿畸形?Whenmostlikelytocausefetalmalformations?Howtopreventbirthdefects?如何预防出生缺陷?Primaryprevention——Topreventtheoccurrenceofbirthdefectsinchildren第1道防线——防止出生缺陷儿的发生1、婚前检查(Premaritalmedicalexamination)2、遗传咨询(Geneticcounseling)有下列情况之一的夫妻应进行遗传咨询Coupleswithoneofthefollowingshouldbecarriedoutgeneticcounseling3、孕前保健(Preconceptioncare)Secondaryprevention——ToReducebirthdefectsinchildrenborn第2道防线——减少出生缺陷儿的出生1、产前筛查(Prenatalscreening)早孕期筛查(Earlypregnancyscreening)中孕期筛查(Secondtrimesterscreening)15~20w母血清筛查MsAFP正常筛查时注意问题(Attentiontotheproblemwhenscreening)2、产前诊断(Prenataldiagnosis)产前诊断指征Indicationforprenataldiagnosis原因不明的流产、死产、畸胎或有新生儿死亡史的孕妇;Unexplainedmiscarriage,stillbirth,birthdefectsorneonataldeaths,thehistoryofpregnantwomen妊娠早期接触过化学毒物、放射性物质或严重病毒感染的孕妇;Earlypregnancyexp