给老外科普我国历史Preface:WehaveabigfamilycrowdedPangu（TheVeryBeginningofChineseCivilization)BriefintroductionofChinesehistoryTheFirstPrehistoricDynastyBriefintroductionofChinesehistoryShangdynastyenduredroughlyfrom1700to1027B.C.TheShangdynasty（alsocalledtheYindynastyinitslaterstages）isbelievedtohavebeenfoundedbyarebelleaderwhooverthrewthelastXiaruler.Itscivilizationwasbasedonagriculture，augmentedbyhuntingandanimalhusbandry.Twoimportanteventsoftheperiodwerethedevelopmentofawritingsystem，asrevealedinarchaicChineseinscriptionsfoundontortoiseshellsandflatcattlebones，andtheuseofbronzemetallurgy.AnumberofceremonialbronzevesselswithinscriptionsdatefromtheShangperiod；theworkmanshiponthebronzesatteststoahighlevelofcivilization.BriefintroductionofChinesehistoryAccordingtostandardChineseaccounts，thelastShangruler，adespotwasoverthrownbyachieftainofafrontiertribecalledZhou，whichhadsettledintheWeiValleyinmodernShaanxiProvince.TheZhoudynastyhaditscapitalatHao，nearthecityofXi'an，orChang'an，asitwasknowninitsheydayintheimperialperiod.In771B.C，ThecapitalwasmovedeastwardtoLuoyanginpresent-dayHenanProvince.Becauseofthisshift，historiansdividetheZhoueraintoWesternZhou（1027-771B.C.）andEasternZhou（770-221B.C.）。AndEasternZhoudividesintotwosubperiods.Thefirst，from770to476B.C.，iscalledtheSpringandAutumnPeriod；thesecondisknownastheWarringStatesPeriod（475-221B.C.）。SharingthelanguageandcultureoftheShang，theearlyZhourulers，throughconquestandcolonization，graduallysinicized，thatis，extendedShangculturethroughmuchofChinaPropernorthoftheChangJiang（orYangtzeRiver）。TheZhoudynastylastedlongerthananyother，from1027to221B.C.InitiallyfromShang，therewawthenotionthattheruler（the"sonofheaven"）governedbydivinerightbutthathisdethronementwouldprovethathehadlostthemandate.BriefintroductionofChinesehistoryBriefintroductionofChinesehistoryIn221B.C，muchofwhatcametoconstituteChinaProperwasunifiedforthefirsttime.InsubjugatingthesixothermajorstatesofEasternZhou，theQinkingshadreliedheavilyonLegalistscholar-advisers.Centrali