FrancisBacon,thefirstmajorEnglishessayist,commentsforcefully(强有力地有说服力地)onthevalueofreadingandlearning.NoticeBacon'sreliance（信任信赖）onHYPERLINK"http://grammar.about.com/od/pq/g/parallelismterm.htm"parallelstructures（平行结构）throughoutthisconcise（简明的）,one-paragraphessay.ThencomparetheessaytoSamuelJohnson'streatmentofthesamethememorethanacenturylaterinHYPERLINK"http://grammar.about.com/od/classicessays/a/JohnsonStudies.htm""OnStudies."Pleasepayparticularattentiontotheunderlinedpartaboutwriting.OfStudiesbyFrancisBacon(1561-1626)Studiesservefordelight,forornament(装饰品),andforability.Theirchiefusefordelight,isinprivateness(私人性)andretiring（指人害羞的内向的）;forornament,isindiscourse（演讲论文）;andforability,isinthejudgmentanddisposition（排列布置）ofbusiness.Forexpertandexecute(执行实行),andperhapsjudgeofparticulars(细节详情),onebyone;butthegeneralcounsels（建议）,andtheplotsandmarshalling（整理）ofaffairs,comebestfromthosethatarelearned.Tospendtoomuchtimeinstudiesissloth(懒散；懒惰);tousethemtoomuchforornament,isaffectation(装模作样的言行);tomakejudgmentwholly(完全地)bytheirrules,isthehumorofascholar.Theyperfectnature,andareperfectedbyexperience:fornaturalabilitiesarelikenaturalplants,thatneedpruning(修剪),bystudy;andstudiesthemselvesdogiveforthdirectionstoomuchatlarge,excepttheybebounded（限制）inbyexperience.Crafty（狡猾的，灵活的）mencondemn（谴责）studies,simplemenadmirethem,andwisemenusethem;fortheyteachnottheirownuse;butthatisawisdomwithoutthem,andabovethem,wonbyobservation.Readnottocontradict（反驳）andconfute;nortobelieveandtakeforgranted（同意）;nortofindtalkanddiscourse（讨论）;buttoweighandconsider.Somebooksaretobetasted,otherstobeswallowed（忍受）,andsomefewtobechewedanddigested;thatis,somebooksaretobereadonlyinparts;otherstoberead,butnotcuriously;andsomefewtobereadwholly,andwithdiligence（勤勉，勤奋）andattention.Somebooksalsomaybereadbydeputy（代理人；代表）,andextracts（摘录）madeofthembyothers;butthatwouldbeonlyinthelessimportantarguments,andthemeanersortofbooks,elsedistilled（被提取精华的）booksarelikecommondistilledwaters,flashy（闪光的，昙花一现的）things.Rea