会计学6.1Introduction6.1.1Background6.1.2Definition6.2Micropragmatics6.2.1Reference（指称）6.2.2Dexis（指示）6.2.3Anaphora（照应）6.2.4Presupposition（预设）6.3Macropragmatics6.3.1Speechacttheory（言语行为理论）6.3.2TheCooperativePrinciple（合作原则）6.3.3ThePolitenessPrinciple（礼貌原则）6.1Introduction////Amelamed[/mə‘lɑ:məd/，小学教师,Hebrewteacher]discoveringthathehadlefthiscomfortableslippersbackinthehouse,sentastudentafterthemwithanoteforhiswife.Thenotereads:`Sendmeyourslipperswiththisboy`.Whenthestudentaskedwhyhehadwritten`your`slippers,themelamedanswered:`Yold![Fool!]IfIwrote“my”slippers,shewouldread“myslippersandwouldsendherslippers.WhatcouldIdowithherslippers?SoIwrote“your”slippers,she'llread“yourslippersandsendmemine.”Backgroundof“Pragmatics”Syntaxaddressestheformalrelationsofsignstooneanother,semanticstherelationofsignstowhattheydenote,andpragmaticstherelationofsignstotheirusersandinterpreters.Pragmaticsisthestudyoftherelationshipsbetweenlinguisticformsandtheusersofthoseforms.Inthisthree-partdistinction,onlypragmaticsallowshumansintotheanalysis.Definitions6.2Micropramatics6.2.1ReferenceThekeyprocesshereiscalledinference.Aninferenceisanyadditionalinformationusedbythehearertoconnectwhatissaidtowhatmustbemeant.Inpragmatics,theactbywhichaspeakerorwriteruseslanguagetoenableahearerorreadertoidentifysomethingiscalledreference.6.2.2DeixisFivetypesofdeixis1.Persondeixis:me,you,him,them.2.Timedeixis:now,then,tonight,lastweek.3.Space/spatial/placedeixis:here,there,andyonder.4.Discoursedeixis:temporal/spatialintheprevious/nextparagraph,orHaveyouheardthisjoke?inthischapter.5.Socialdeixis:honorifics(敬语,ProfessorLi);kinshiprelationship(LiJie[李姐]inChinese)Amelamed[小学教师,Hebrewteacher]discoveringthathehadlefthiscomfortableslippersbackinthehouse,sentastudentafterthemwithanoteforhiswife.Thenotereads:`Sendmeyourslipperswiththisboy`.Whenthestudentaskedwhyhehadwritten`your`slippers,themelamedanswered:`Yold![Fool!]IfIwrote“my”slippers,shewouldread“myslippersandwouldsendherslippers.WhatcouldIdowit