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Lecture3131.1CoordinationandsubordinationCoordination(并列结构)andsubordination(从属结构)aretwodevicesforcombiningandrelatingideas.Thesearecommonlyusedtoconnectclausesorsentencesinordertoestablishvarioussemanticrelationships.(1)Coordination(Lecture30)Coordinationisrealizedbycoordinators(alsotermedcoordinatingconjunctions)whichjointwosyntacticunitsatthesamelevel.Differentcoordinatorshavedifferentmeaningsandthusgiverisetodifferentrelationsbetweenconjoinedunits.Therefore,itisimportantthatweidentifythecoordinatorsandtheiruses.Hereisalistofcommoncoordinators:Centralcoordinators(themostcommonones):and,or,butCorrelativecoordinators:both…and,either…or,not…but,not…nor,neither…nor,notonly…butalsoSemi-coordinators:nor,so,yetQuasi-coordinators:aswellas,asmuchas,ratherthan,morethanThisisnotanexhaustivelist.Infact,therearestillothercoordinatingconjunctions,suchas:while,whereas,andcoordinatingadverbs,suchas:accordingly,furthermore,hence,however,nevertheless,therefore.(2)SubordinationSubordinationreferstothelinkingoftwounits,usually2clauses,atdifferentsyntacticlevels.Theclauseonthehigherlevelistermedthemainclauseandtheattachedclauseonthelowerlevel,thesubordinateclause.Subordinationisrealizedbysubordinators.Differentsubordinatorshavedifferentmeaningsandthusgiverisetodifferentrelationsbetweenconjoinedunits.Subordinators,intermsofwordformation,canbeclassifiedintosimplesubordinators,complexsubordinat-ors,correlativesubordinatorsandmarginalsubordinators.2)Subordinatorsa)SimplesubordinatorsSimplesubordinators,alsoknownas“one-wordsub-ordinators”,include:afteralthoughasbecausebeforedirectlyforifimmediatelylestlikeoncesincethatthoughtillunlessuntilhow(ever)what(ever)when(ever)where(ver)whereuponwhetherwhichwhile/whilstwho(ever)whomwhosewhyb)ComplexsubordinatorsComplexsubordinators,alsoknownas“multi-wordsubordinators”,arecomposedoftwoormorewords.Someoftheseendin“that”:assuming(that)(
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