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AbstractDescriptiveAbstractOnlybasiccontentofthepaper,notenoughdetailinformationInformativeAbstractAcondensedreportofthepaper.Keypointsandmostimportantdetailinformationofthepaper.Descriptive+InformativeAbstractMostabstractsarebothdescriptiveandinformative.DescriptiveAbstractPros:Short,Concise,EasytowriteCons:LessinformationInformativeAbstractPros:MoreinformationCons:Long,DifficulttowriteDescriptive+InformativeAbstractNoticethebalancebetweenconcisionanddetails.1.Background2.Problem3.Objective4.Method5.FindingorResults6.ConclusionorInference(Evaluation)7.Recommendation8.Paperstructure1.Background:Notnecessary,especiallyinshortabstract.Presenttenseinmostcase.Presentperfecttenseforresearchtrend.E.g.…hasbeentheuniversalchoicetoanalyze…2.Problem:GeneralproblemSpecificproblemPresenttenseinmostcase.3.Objective:Purpose,aim,objective(1)Paperoriented(presenttense)Whenanalyzesomeproblem,proposenewdemonstration,methodortechnology.E.g.Thepaperpresents/proposesa…Thepurposeofthepaperis…Inthispaper,weprovide/discuss/focuson…words:paper,report,thesis,dissertation(2)Researchoriented(pasttense)Whenproposeresultsofexperimentsorinvestigations.E.g.Theobjectiveofthisresearch/experimentwasto…Theaimofthisstudywas…Inthisstudy,…wasstudied/examined/investigatedto…Words:study,research,investigation,experiment…4.MethodPasttenseforexperimentprocedureormethod.Presenttenseformathematicmodel,algorithmoranalysismethod/technology.Problem+ObjectiveinalongsentencesMainclauseforproblem,phrasesforobjective.E.g.…(problems)mustbesolvedtoget(objective)…Mainclauseforobjective,phrasesforproblems.E.g.Thepaperpresents/proposesa…(objective)tosolve(problems)……(objective)wasstudiedtosolve(problems)…Verbtensefitsinwiththeaboverules.Objective+MethodinalongsentencesMainclauseforobjective,phrasesformethods.E.g.…(objective)isevaluatedbymeansof(methods)…Mainclauseformethods,phrasesforobjective.E.g.…(methods)wereperformedto(objective)……(methods)isadoptedto
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