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OutlineMaindrivingforceoftheAsiansummermonsoonTheAsiansummermonsoonsystemLong-termvariationsofheatsourcesovertheTibetanPlateau(TP)亚洲季风区及其相邻海岸区陆地(547个格点,见右上角小图中的计算区)与海洋(668个格点)(20°S~45°N,30°~140°E)热力差异指数(QLS)的时间序列。实线为9年滑动平均。(引自Dingetal.,2009)Timeseriesofthedifferencebetweenthenormalizedverticallyintegrated(fromsurfaceto250hPa)apparentheatsourceQ1(Wm-2)averagedovertheTibetanPlateau(70°–100°E,30°–43°N)andthetropicalcentralandeasternPacific(180°–120°W,10°S–10°N)forthe(a)springand(b)summer.Thesolidlinesdenote9-yearrunningmeancurves.(a)南亚夏季风区(0°~20°N,40°~105°E)500~100hPa层平均经向温度梯度∂ΔH/∂y变化,由异常平均经向厚度梯度代表。(b)东亚季风区(沿30°N,110°~140°E)平均纬向温度梯度,由异常纬向厚度梯度−∂ΔH/∂y代表。单位:10-2gpmkm−1。(引自Dingetal.,2009)(a)1979~2011年高原地区(30°~43°N,70°~100°E)春季垂直积分(地表至250hPa)的异常Q1时间序列(单位:Wm-2),实线为9年滑动平均;(b)同(a),但为夏季;(c)春季高原地区(同上)和热带中东太平洋(10°S~10°N,180°~120°W)垂直积分热源(Q1,单位:Wm–2)差值的时间序列;(d)同(c),但为夏季。实线为9年滑动平均。(引自SiandDing.,2012)Seasonalmeansensibleheatfluxes(Wm-2)overtheTibetanPlateauaveragedforthe72stationforthe(a)winter,(b)spring,and(c)summer.Thedashedcurveindicatesthethird-orderpolynomialfit.Thehorizontalsolidlinesindicateaveragedvaluesfortheperiodof1979-2011.springLongervariationofthesurfacesensibleheatfluxoverTPfor1960-2011Changes(2000-2007meanminus1984-1999mean)insurfacelongwaveradiationratio(%)(surfacelongwaveupwardflux/surfacelongwavedownwardflux)in(a)winter,(b)spring,and(c)summer.(a)Distributionofthe15radiosondestationsovertheTibetanPlateau.(b)Springand(c)summertemperature(°C)overtheTibetanPlateauaveragedforthe15radiosondestationsfrom500hPato100hPa.Thehorizontalsolidlinesindicateaveragedvaluesfortheperiodof1999-2011.TheDashedcurvesindicatethethird-orderpolynomialfits.1960~2004年青藏高原50个站(见左上小图)平均积雪深度指数(SDI)时间序列:(a)冬季(12~2月),(b)春季(3~4月),(c)春季EOF第一模态时间系数,虚线为9年滑动平均,单位:cm(引自Dingetal.2009);(d)1979~2011年高原72站冬季积雪深度,单位:cmd–1(引自SiandDing.2012)2.ImpactofLong-temvariationofheatsourceoverTPontheAsiansummermonsoonLong-termvariationsofthemonsoonindexfor1951-2011东亚夏季风(上)与南亚夏季风(下)持续年代际偏弱(周兵等,2013)Patternofannualpre