第三十五章通货膨胀与失业之间的短期权衡TheShort-RunTradeoffbetweenInflationandUnemployment1失业与通货膨胀UnemploymentandInflation‹两个密切受到注视的经济状况指标是通货膨胀和失业。Twocloselywatchedindicatorsofeconomicperformanceareinflationandunemployment.‹将通货膨胀率和失业率相加得到痛苦指数，它是经济“健康”的一个衡量指标。Themiseryindex,onemeasureofthe“health”oftheeconomy,addstogethertheinflationrateandunemploymentrate.2失业与通货膨胀UnemploymentandInflation‹经济状况的这两个指标——失业与通货膨胀是如何相关的呢？Howarethesetwomeasuresofeconomicperformance–inflationandunemployment–relatedtoeachother?3失业与通货膨胀：长期UnemploymentandInflation:TheLong-run‹自然失业率依赖于劳动力市场的各种特征。Thenaturalrateofunemploymentdependsonvariousfeaturesofthelabormarket.‹例如，最低工资法、工会的市场权力、效率工资的作用、寻找工作的有效性。Examplesincludeminimum-wagelaws,themarketpowerofunions,theroleofefficiencywages,andtheeffectivenessofjobsearch.4失业与通货膨胀：长期UnemploymentandInflation:TheLong-run‹通货膨胀率主要依赖于货币数量的增长，它是由美联储控制的。Theinflationratedependsprimarilyongrowthinthequantityofmoney,controlledbytheFed.‹因此，在长期中，通货膨胀和失业基本是互不相关的问题。Inthelongrun,therefore,inflationandunemploymentarelargelyunrelatedproblems.5失业与通货膨胀：短期UnemploymentandInflation:TheShort-run‹社会面临着失业与通货膨胀之间的短期权衡。Societyfacesashort-runtradeoffbetweenunemploymentandinflation.‹如果政策制定者扩张总需求，他们能够降低失业，但必须以更高的通货膨胀为代价。Ifpolicymakersexpandaggregatedemand,theycanlowerunemployment,butonlyatthecostofhigherinflation.‹如果他们紧缩总需求，他们能够降低通货膨胀，但必须以暂时更高的失业率为代价。Iftheycontractaggregatedemand,theycanlowerinflation,butatthecostoftemporarilyhigherunemployment.6菲利普斯曲线ThePhillipsCurve菲利普斯曲线表示了通货膨胀与失业之间的这一短期关系。ThePhillipscurveillustratestheshort-runrelationshipbetweeninflationandunemployment.7菲利普斯曲线ThePhillipsCurve...通货膨胀率（每年百分比）InflationRate(percentperyear)B6A2菲利普斯曲线Phillipscurve047失业率（百分比）Unemployment8Rate(percent)总需求，总供给与菲利普斯曲线AggregateDemand,AggregateSupply,andthePhillipsCurve菲利普斯曲线表示失业率与通货膨胀率的短期组合，它源于总需求曲线的移动沿着短期总供给曲线改变了经济。ThePhillipscurveshowstheshort-runcombinationsofunemploymentandinflationth