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名词解释10%(2x5%)1.AmericanPuritanismitcomesfromtheAmericanpuritans,whowerethefirstimmigrantsmovedtoAmericancontinentinthe17thcentury.Originalsin,predestination（预言）andsalvation（拯救）werethebasicideasofAmericanPuritanism.And,hard-working,piousness（虔诚,尽职），thriftandsobriety（清醒）werepraised.2.Transcendentalism超验主义itisaphilosophicandliterarymovementthatflourishedinNewEngland,particularatConcord,asareactionagainstRationalismandCalvinism.MainlyitstressedintuitiveunderstandingofGod,withoutthehelpofthechurch,andadvocatedindependenceofthemind.TherepresentativewritersareRalphWaldoEmersonandThoreau.EmersonbroughtittonewEnglandandhewasrecognizedthroughouthislifeastheleaderofthemovement.3.LocalColorismasatrendbecamedominantinAmericanliteratureinthe1860sandearly1870s，itisdefinedbyHamlinGarlandashavingsuchqualityoftextureandbackgroundthatitcouldnothavebeenwritteninanyotherplaceorbyanyoneelsethananativestoriesoflocalcolorismhaveaqualityofcircumstantial(详细的)authenticity(确实性),aslocalcoloriststriedtoimmortalize(使不朽)thedistinctivenatural,socialandlinguisticfeatures.Itischaracteristicofvernacular(本国语)languageandsatirical(讽刺的)humor.Forexample,HarrietBeecherStowe,MarkTwainandotherwritersprovidedregionalstoriesandtalesofthelifeofAmerican’sWesterners,EasternersandSoutherners.4.NaturalismAmericannaturalismwasanewandharsherrealism.Americannaturalismhadbeenshapedbythewar;bythesocialupheavals（剧变）thatunderminedthecomfortingfaithofanearlierage.America’sliterarynaturalistsdismissedthevalidityofcomfortingmoraltruths.Theyattemptedtoachieveextremeobjectivityandfrankness,presentingcharactersoflowsocialandeconomicclasseswhoweredeterminedbytheirenvironmentandheredity.Theychosetheirsubjectsfromthelowerranksofsocietyandportrayedthepeoplewhoweredemonstrablyvictimsofsocietyandnature.AndoneofthemostfamiliarthemesinAmericanNaturalismisthethemeofhuman“bestiality”,especiallyasanexplanationofsexualdesire.Althoughnaturalistliteraturedescribedtheworldwithsometimesbrutalrealism,itsometimesalsoaimedatbetteringthe
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