AmericanPuritanism美国清教思想特征：Puritanopposition反对topleasureandtheartssometimeshasbeenexaggerated夸张的,butitistruethattheirlivesweredisciplined遵纪守法的andhard.Puritanstendedtosuspectjoyandlaughterassymptomsofsin:aPuritanwomanwasoncethreatenedwithbanishmentforsmilinginchurch.Yetthisveryattempttosuppressallsinseemedtoproduceoutbreaksofmisbehaviors,asifinreactiontothestrictness.TheEnlightenmentMovement启蒙运动wasaprogressive（先进的，进步的）intellectual（聪明的，智力的）movementwhichflourishedinFranceandswept（扫除）throughthewholeWesternEuropeatthetime.Themovementwasafurtheranceoftherenaissance（文艺复兴）ofthefifteenthandsixteenthcenturies.Itspurposewastoenlightenthewholeworldwiththelightofmodernphilosophical（哲学的）andartistic（艺术的）ideas.Theenlightenerscelebratedreasonorrationality（合理性）,equalityandscience.Theyheldthatrationalityorreasonshouldbetheonly,thefinalcauseofanyhumanthoughtandactivities.ThebeliefprovidedtheoryfortheAmericanWarofIndependence.AmericanRealism美国现实主义cameinthelatterhalfofthenineteenthcenturyasareactionagainstRomanticism.Itstressestruthfultreatmentofmaterial.Itfocusesoncommonness共通性ofthelivesofthecommonpeople,andemphasizesobjectivity客观性andoffersanobjectiveratherthananidealisticviewofhumannatureandhumanexperience.现实主义作家：HarrietBeecherStowe斯托夫人，OHenry欧亨利Naturalism自然主义appliestheprinciplesofscientificdeterminism决定论tofictionanddrama.Itviewshumanbeingsasanimalsinthenaturalworldrespondingtoenvironmentalforcesandinternalstressesanddrives,overnoneofwhichtheyhavecontrolandnoneofwhichtheyfullyunderstand.两个自然主义作家：JackLondon，TheodoreDreiserRomanticism浪漫主义atermthatisassociatedwithimagination幻想力，空想andboundlessness,ascontrastedwithclassicism,whichiscommonlyassociatedwithreasonandrestriction限制，约束.Aromanticattitudemaybedetectedinliteratureofanyperiod,butasanhistoricalmovementitaroseinthe18thand19thcenturies,inreactiontomorerationalliterary,philosophic,artistic,religious,andeconomicstandards....ThemostclearlydefinedromanticliterarymovementintheU.S.wasTranscendentalism超验主义.NewEnglandTranscendenta