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ChapterEightTheAgeofRealism(cameinthelatterhalfofthe19thCfollowingtheCivilWar)Background:Laborforce:AftertheCivilWar,withtheabolitionoftheslaverysystem,blackslavesweresetfree.Greatnumberofimmigrantsarrived,farmersmovedtotowns.Thoseprovidedenoughlaborforce.NaturalResources:Petroleumwasfoundinsizeablequantity.Transportation:railroadsdevelopedquickly.Advancedtechnologywasapplied.Asaresult,theindustrializationandmechanizationwerefullyactive,andtheysoonproducedextremesofwealthandpoverty.Wealthandpowerweremoreandmoreconcentratedinthehandsofthefew(John.DRockefeller---petroleumtycoon).Ontheotherhand,millionsofpeoplewerestrugglingforsurvival.Beneaththeglitteringsurfaceofprosperitytherelaidsufferingandunhappiness.Disillusionmentandfrustrationwerewidelyfelt.Bythe1870s,withtheNewEnglandlosingitspower,theAgeofRealismhadarrived,andbecamemajortrendin1870sand1880s.FeaturesofRealism:Itexpressestheconcernfortheworldofexperience,ofthecommonplace,forthefamiliarandthelow.TheRealismwriterswroteaboutwhattheyobservedandknew.Theybelievedthatrepresentationoflifeshouldbethemainobjectofthenovel,andofferedanobjectiveratherthananidealizedviewofhumannatureandexperience.RealismreactsagainstRomanticism’semphasisonintuition,imagination,adrearysenseofwonder,idealism,faithinnatureandgeneraloptimisticbeliefinthegoodnessofthings.WilliamDeanHowellsHenryJamesMarkTwainWilliamDeanHowells（豪威尔斯1837-1920）(Themostimportantrealist,thechampionofliteraryrealisminAmerica)HewasborninasmalltowninOhioandbroughtupinhumblesurroundings.HewasthefirstpresidentoftheAmericanAcademyofArtsandletters,oncetheeditor-in-chiefofthecountry’smostinfluentialjournal,TheAtlanticMonthly.HewroteTheCampaignLifeofAbrahamLincoln,abookwhichhelpedLincolnbecomeelectedandbroughtHowellsrecognitionandanappointmentasAmericanConsulinVenice.Literaryideasasarealist:Definerealismas“fidelitytoexperienceandprobabilityofmotive”.Realismisthequestoftheaverageandthehabitualratherthantheexceptionalandtheuniquehighorlow.Hepreferrednottoloo
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