更多MBA资料下载请进HYPERLINK"http://www.mbaer.cn"http://www.mbaer.cnMBA/MPA/MPACC备考QQ群79306850HYPERLINK"http://www.mbaer.cn"http://www.mbaer.cnMBA/MPA/MPACC备考QQ群793068502012MBA英语阅读理解：阅读记词Passage42Formanyyears,collegesanduniversitiesacrosstheUnitedStateshavesoughttoincreasethenumbersofAfricanAmerican,HispanicandNativeAmericanstudentswhopursuescientificcareers.YettheCollegeBoardreportedin1999thatunderrepresentationofminoritystudentshadbecomeeven“moreintractable.”AfricanAmericansnowconstitute12percentoftheU.S.populationyetearnedonly1percentofthedoctoratesin1997.Hispanicsmakeup11percentofthepopulationbutearned0.9percentofthe1997doctorates.AlthoughthenumbersofAfricanAmericanandHispanicstudentsearningbachelor’sdegreesin1996-1997hitanall-timehigh,therewasadeclineinthoseenteringgraduateschool,accordingtotheAmericanAssociationfortheAdvancementofScience.NativeAmericansalsoremainunderrepresentedinthesciences.Despitethebestofintentions,manyprogramsdesignedtoprepareminorityundergraduatesforadvancedscientifictraininghavehadunevenresults.Somehavebeenunclearaboutwhethertheirgoalistoproducescientistsorjusttohelpminoritystudentsgraduate.Othershavebeeninadequatelyfundedorlackedinstitutionalcommitment;manyhaveneverbeenevaluatedrigorously.Someprogramsdosucceedinhelpingminoritystudentsgraduateandpursuescientificcareers.ExamplesincludeprogramsatXavierUniversityofLouisiana,theUniversityofCalifornia,Berkeley,andtheUniversityofMaryland,BaltimoreCounty(UMBC).1）Althoughdifferentinimportantrespects,theseprogramssharekeyfeatures,suchasclearlyarticulatedobjectives,stronginstitutionalcommitment,effectivementorsandanemphasisonbuildingcommunityamongparticipants.Allarebeingcarriedoutinalegalenvironmentthathasbecomeincreasinglycomplex.2）TheUniversityofCalifornia,forexample,nowoperatesunderastatelawthatforbidsusingstatefundsforspecialprogramsforminoritystudents.Inotherstates,courtcaseshaveledcollegesanduniversitiestoredesignorevendropsuchprograms.HHMIhasassistedthousandsofminoritystudentst