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内镜检查及X线检查EndoscopicfeaturesofactiveulcerativecolitisFigure4-1.Endoscopicfeaturesofactiveulcerativecolitis.Findingsincludediffuselyerythematous,edematous,andgranularmucosawithareasofsubmucosalhemorrhageand,whensevere,frankmucopurulentexudate.Inflammationinvariablybeginsintherectumandextendsproximallyforvaryingextents.Thechronicityoftheprocessissuggestedbythelossofcolonichaustrations;otherwise,theendoscopicpictureisnonspecificandcouldbeconsistentwithacuteinfectiouscolitis,chroniculcerativeorCrohn`scolitis,oranynumberofotherspecificcausesofcolitis.A,Milddistalulcerativecolitiswithdiffuseerythemaandfriabilitywelldemarcatedfromthenormalmucosamoreproximallyisdepicted.B,Thisexampleshowsmoderatelysevereulcerativecolitiswithirregular,inflamed,ulceratedmucosaandapatchyexudate.UlcerativecolitisinremissionFigure4-2.Ulcerativecolitisinremission.Thenormalvascularpatternisabsentandawhitescarindicatesthesiteofapreviousulcer.SevereulcerativecolitisFigure4-3.Severeulcerativecolitis.Themucosashowsextensiveulcerationanddiffusethickeningwithaninflammatoryinfiltrate.IncontrasttoCrohn`scolitis,theulcerationlacksdepth.ChroniculcerativecolitisFigure4-5.Chroniculcerativecolitis.Inlong-standingulcerativecolitis,themucosahasanatrophicandscarredappearancewithabluntedvascularpattern.Pseudopolypsareoftenpresent.SevereulcerativecolitiswithpseudopolypsFigure4-4.Severeulcerativecolitiswithpseudopolyps.Inadditiontoseveremucosalulcerationandinflammation,chroniculcerativecolitisisoftenassociatedwiththeformationofpseudopolyps,whichrepresentislandsofregeneratingmucosaandexuberantinflammationamidstdiffusemucosaldestruction.Pseudopolypshavenomalignantpotential.SevereulcerativecolitisFigure4-6.Radiographicappearanceofsevereulcerativecolitis.Thissingle-contrastbariumenemademonstratesthetypicalraggedandulcerativeappearanceofthemucosainactiveulcerativecolitis.Characteristiccollar-buttonorunderminingulcersareseen.Ingeneral,bariumenemaandcolonoscopyshouldbeavoidedinfulminantulcerativecolitisbecauseofthepossibil
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