地理資訊系統的發展資料庫OpenGIS開放標準ISO6709:1983,Standardrepresentationoflatitude,longitudeandaltitudeforgeographicpointlocationsISO19101-ReferencemodelISO19102–OverviewISO/TS19103-ConceptualschemalanguageISO19104-TerminologyISO19105-ConformanceandtestingISO19106-ProfilesISO19107-SpatialschemaISO19108-TemporalschemaISO19109-RulesforapplicationschemaISO19110-FeaturecataloguingmethodologyISO19111-SpatialreferencingbycoordinatesISO19112-SpatialreferencingbygeographicidentifiersISO19113-QualityprinciplesISO19114-QualityevaluationproceduresISO19115–MetadataISO19115-2-Metadata-Part2:ExtensionsforimageryandgriddeddataISO19116-PositioningservicesISO19117–PortrayalISO19118-EncodingISO19119-ServicesISO/TR19120-Functionalstandards+Amendment1ISO/TR19121ImageryandgriddeddataISO/TR19122-QualificationsandcertificationofpersonnelGISWebServiceGIS網路服務架構DataServices資料服務GML(geographymarkuplanguage)anXMLencodingforthetransportandstorageofgeographicinformation,includingboththespatialandnon-spatialpropertiesofgeographicfeatures.PortrayalServices繪圖服務WMS(webmapservice)從多個雲端異質資料來源（heterogeneoussources）產生並展現空間對位（registered）且可以套疊的GIS圖形提供三種操作(GetCapabilities,GetMap,andGetFeatureInfo)RITIOnlineProcessingServices功能服務GIS的發展雲端服務雲端服務雲端服務雲端服務服務導向雲端GIS結語