第一章Well-knowntheoriesabouttheoriginoflanguage=1\*Arabic1.“Bow-wow”:intimatethesoundofanimalcallsinthewildenvironment=2\*Arabic2.“Pooh-pooh”:Instinctivesoundsofpain,angerandjoy=3\*Arabic3.Contacttheory:instinctiveneedforcontact=4\*Arabic4.“Yo-he-ho”:workFunctionsoflanguage=1\*Arabic1.informative:declarativesentences2.interpersonal:mostimportantsociologicaluseoflanguageEstablishandmaintainone’sstatusinsocietye.g.DearSir,DearProfessor,yours3.performative:changethesocialstatusofpersone.g.marriageceremony,thesentencingofcriminals,blessingofchildren,thenamingofaship,thecursingofenemies.碎碎平安4.emotive:themostpowerfuluseoflanguageGetridofthenervousenergy5.phatic:thesocialinteractionoflanguageTomaintainacomfortablerelationshipe.g.slangs,jokes,jargons,ritualisticexchanges6.recreational:theuseoflanguageforthesheerjoye.g.baby’sbabbling,chanter’schanting7.metalingual:languagecanbeusedtotalkaboutitselfInterdisciplinarystudiesoflanguageSociolinguistics,anthropologicallinguistics,neurologicallinguistics,mathematicallinguistics,andcomputationallinguisticsMainbranchesoflinguisticsPhonetics:speechsound,including=1\*GB3①.theproductionofspeech(howspeechsoundsareactuallymade,transmitted,andreceived)=2\*GB3②.thesoundsofspeech=3\*GB3③.thedescriptionandclassificationofspeechsounds=4\*GB3④.wordsandconnectedspeechPhonology:therulesgoverningthestructure,distribution,andsequencingofspeechsoundsandtheshapeofsyllables.Morphology:theinternaloriginationofwords.Syntax:theprinciplesofformingandunderstandingcorrectsentences.Semantics:howmeaningisencodeinalanguage.Pragmatics:meaninginthecontext.linguisticsgrammarDescriptive,synchronic,spokenPrescriptive,diachronic,writtenSpeechcamebeforewrittenImposeLatincategoriesWhatisactuallysaidWhatoughttobesaidSynchroniclinguistics&&diachroniclinguisticsSynchronic:takesafixedinstantasitspointofobservationDiachronic:thestudyoflanguagethroughthecourseofitshistoryhistoricallinguisticsPrescriptive