II语言学导论语言学导论IIII语言学主要分支学科语言学主要分支学科IIIIII语言学的流派和理论语言学的流派和理论II1.designfeatureoflanguage1.designfeatureoflanguage（语言的定义特征）（语言的定义特征）2.LanguageFamilies(2.LanguageFamilies(世界语言分类世界语言分类))3.importantdistinctionsinlinguistics3.importantdistinctionsinlinguistics((语言学研究中几对重要的概念语言学研究中几对重要的概念))4.scopeoflinguistics4.scopeoflinguistics((语言学的研究范围语言学的研究范围))1.1.designfeatureoflanguagedesignfeatureoflanguage（语言的定义特征（语言的定义特征))definingpropertiesofhumanlanguagethatdefiningpropertiesofhumanlanguagethatdistinguishitfromanyanimalsystemofdistinguishitfromanyanimalsystemofcommunicationcommunication1.designfeatureoflanguage1.designfeatureoflanguage1)Arbitrariness1)Arbitrariness（任意性）（任意性）2)Duality(2)Duality(二层性二层性))3)Creativity/Productivity(3)Creativity/Productivity(创造性创造性))4)Displacement4)Displacement（移位性）（移位性）5)CulturalTransmission(5)CulturalTransmission(文化传递性文化传递性))11））Arbitrariness(Arbitrariness(任意性任意性):):定义：定义：theformsoflinguisticsignsbearnotheformsoflinguisticsignsbearnonaturalrelationshiptotheirmeaning.naturalrelationshiptotheirmeaning.举例：举例：书书,book,,book,livrelivre喜欢，喜欢，likelike，，aimeraimer22））DualityDuality（二层性）（二层性）::定义：定义：thepropertyofhavingtwolevelsofthepropertyofhavingtwolevelsofstructures,suchthatunitsoftheprimarylevelstructures,suchthatunitsoftheprimarylevelarecomposedofelementsofthesecondarylevel.arecomposedofelementsofthesecondarylevel.举例：举例：Sounds>syllables>words>phrasesSounds>syllables>words>phrases>clauses>sentences>texts/discourses>clauses>sentences>texts/discourses33））Creativity/ProductivityCreativity/Productivity（创造性）（创造性）::定义：定义：LanguagecanbeusedtocreatenewLanguagecanbeusedtocreatenewmeaningsmeaningsbecauseofitsdualitybecauseofitsduality举例举例11：：/k/,/a:/,/p//k/,/a:/,/p/--------carporparkcarporpark举例举例22：：England,defeated,FranceEngland,defeated,FranceEnglanddefeatedFrance.EnglanddefeatedFrance.FrancedefeatedEngland.FrancedefeatedEngland.44））Displa