语言学知识点I语言学导论II语言学主要分支学科III语言学的流派和理论I语言学导论LOREMIPSUMDOLOR1.designfeatureoflanguage语言定义特征1）Arbitrariness(任意性):定义：theformsoflinguisticsignsbearnonaturalrelationshiptotheirmeaning.举例：书,book,livre喜欢，like，aimerLOREMIPSUMDOLORLOREMIPSUMDOLOR5）CulturalTransmission（文化传递性）:定义：languageispassedonfromgenerationtogenerationthroughteachingandlearningratherthaninstinct.反例：印度狼孩3.Designfeature定义特征LOREMIPSUMDOLORLOREMIPSUMDOLORImportantDistinctionsinLinguisticsLOREMIPSUMDOLORLOREMIPSUMDOLOR2.世界语言分类2.世界语言分类3).langue（语言）&parole（言语）Theorist：Saussure（索绪尔）,fatherofmodernlinguisticslangue:abstractlinguisticsystemparole:actualrealizationoflangueImportantDistinctionsinLinguisticsLOREMIPSUMDOLOR语言学分类-按研究内容分语言学分类-按研究内容分语言学分类-按研究导向分语言学分类-按研究内容分语言学分类-按研究内容分LOREMIPSUMDOLORLOREMIPSUMDOLORLOREMIPSUMDOLORPhoneticsstudieshowspeechsoundsareproduced,transmitted,andperceived.语音学分类SpeechorgansPositionofthevocalfolds(声带):voicing(浊音)andvoiceless(清音)LOREMIPSUMDOLORLOREMIPSUMDOLORLOREMIPSUMDOLORLOREMIPSUMDOLORLOREMIPSUMDOLORLOREMIPSUMDOLORLOREMIPSUMDOLORLOREMIPSUMDOLORSuprasegmentalfeatures(超音段特征)LOREMIPSUMDOLORMorphology形态学形态学研究的基本单位TypesofMorphemesTypesofBoundMorphemeLOREMIPSUMDOLOR词的分类-按构词法分LOREMIPSUMDOLOR词的分类-按词义分词的分类-按开放性分词的分类-按在句子重要性分考点1.定义2.句法范畴3.句子类型LOREMIPSUMDOLORLOREMIPSUMDOLORSyntacticalcategory(句法范畴)LexicalCategory词法范畴=PartsofSpeech词类72LOREMIPSUMDOLORLOREMIPSUMDOLORLOREMIPSUMDOLORLOREMIPSUMDOLORLOREMIPSUMDOLORLOREMIPSUMDOLORLOREMIPSUMDOLORSemanticsLudwigWittgenstein:‘Themeaningofawordisitsuseinthelanguage’.Meaningisstudiedbymakingdetailedanalysesofthewaywordsandsentencesareusedinspecificcontexts.Reference（指称）:howlanguagereferstotherealphysicalworld(语言指代外部物质世界)Sense（涵义）:inherentmeaningofthelinguisticform.Itisabstractandthemeaningdictionarycompilersareinterestedin.(语言形式的内在意义)Synonymy同义同义分类举例Antonymy反义Gradableantonymy等级反义Complementaryantonymy互补反义Converseantonymy反向反义Hyponymy上下义关系LOREMIPSUMDOLORAnimalbirdfishinsectanimalhumananimaltigerlionelephant...Polysemy一词多义LOREMIPSUMDOLORLOR