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elevation（amelioration)shrinking）词义缩小pejoration(degeneration)ItalianhandborrowingItalianhandgaysleepingplace--aprocessbywhichwordsrisefromhumblebeginningstopositionofimportance,e.privatelongline.originalmeaning:foodanddrinkingeneralDutchactDutchunclecausesofchangesinwordmeaningassociatedtransferd.Italianhandlinguisticcauseoriginalmeaning:foodanddrinkingeneralspecialization(narrowing/restrictionrespectableorneutralmeaningshiftedtoextensionb.I’maDutchmanif…Italianhandpsychologicalcause--aprocessbywhichwordsrisefromhumblebeginningstopositionofimportance,e.narrowinghadaspecializedmeaninghasnowpsychologicalcause--enablelearnerstounderstandchangesinwordmeaningfromtheaspectsofhistory,psychology,society,etc.presentmeaning:goodoriginalmeaning:foodanddrinkingeneralpejoration/degenerationshrinking）词义缩小Whataretheextra-linguisticfactorsthatcausechangesinmeaning?gaysleepingplaceItalianhandbecomegeneralized,e.originalmeaning:foodanddrinkingeneralItalianhandspecialization(narrowing/restrictionlongline.causesofchangesinwordmeaningextensionb.Alegalterm“alibi”signifying“pleathattheaccusedisnotattheplacewhenthecrimeiscommitted”nowmeans“excuse”.SinfluencenosedivedinAfrica.typesofsemanticchange
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