国际结算双语教材英语版（完整版）(文档可以直接使用，也可根据实际需要修改使用,可编辑欢迎下载）IntroductiontoInternationalSettlementInternationalpolitical,economicandculturalexchangeinevitablyleadstocreditsanddebtsowedbyonecountrytoanother.Theinternationalsettlementinvolvesbothtangibleandintangibletrades,foreigninvestments,fundsborrowedfromorlenttoothercountriesandsoforth.Tobemorespecific,internationalpaymentsandsettlementscanalsobenecessaryfinancialactivitiesrenderedfromcommercialpayments,paymentsfortheservicesrendered,paymentsbetweengovernments,andthetransferoffundsamongcountries.1.1DefinitionInternationalpaymentsandsettlementsarefinancialactivitiesconductedamongdifferentcountriesinwhicheitherpaymentsareeffectedorfundsaretransferredfromonecountrytoanotherforthepurposeofsettlingaccounts,debts,claims,etc.1.2TypesofInternationalSettlementUsuallyinternationalsettlementisdividedintothreebroadcategories:remittance,collectionandletterofcredit.Negotiableinstruments,however,waysofinternationalsettlementanddocumentsusedintheinternationalsettlementsometimesconstitutetheframeworkofinternationalsettlement.Forexample,thefollowingpaymenttermscanbereadinthesalescontracts.（1）ThesupplieragreesthatthebuyerwilleffectpaymentsunderthetermofT/TagainstreceiptofB/Lbyfax.(2)HongKongsuppliersagreethatthebuyerwilleffectpaymentsunderthetermofCAD(CashagainstDocuments).(3)Onlyincaseofnewsuppliersandfirstordertothem,thebuyermightagreetoeffectpaymentsunderL/Cterms．TheL/Cchargesonthebuyer'ssidewillbebornbythebuyerandtheL/Cchargesonsupplier'ssidewillbebornbythesupplier.TheBillofLadingismadeouttoorderandnotifythebuyer.(4)IncasethatthesupplierstillinsistonL/Ctermsevenafterthefirstorder,thesupplieragreetotakeoverallL/Cchargesonhimaswellasthebuyer'sside.InthosecaseswerequestaBillofLading.HistoryandDevelopmentofInternationalSettlementTracingbackthehistoryofinternationalsettlement,themediumofexchangeoriginatedfromcoins.Lateron,commercialdraftsandothercreditinstrumentsemergedandbecamepopulartomeettheneedsoftheconstantlyincreasingbu