DiscussionoftropesAtropeisanydeparturefromordinarylanguageinatext.Thetermimpliesaturningawayfromcommonusesofwords.Thatmeans“trope”istheuseofawordorexpressioninadifferentsensefromthatwhichproperlybelongstoit,theuseofawordorexpressionaschangedfromtheoriginalsignificationtoauthor,forthesakeofgivinglifeoremphasistoanidea,afigureofspeech,etc.Tropesarechieflyoffourkinds:smile,metaphor,metonymyandsynecdoche.SmileSmileisacomparisonbetweentwodifferentthingsthatresembleeachotherinatleastoneway.Informalprosethesimileisadevicebothofartandexplanation,comparinganunfamiliarthingtosomefamiliarthing(anobject,event,process,etc.)knowntothereader.Avarietyofwaysexistsforinvokingthesimile.Hereareafewofthepossibilities:xislikeyxisnotlikeyxisthesameasyxismorethanyxislessthanyxdoesy;sodoeszxissimilartoyxresemblesyxisasyaszxisylikezxismoreythanzxislessythanzForexample:lAndmoneyislikemuck,notgoodexceptitbespread.--FrancisBaconlMymistress#39;eyesarenothinglikethesun....–ShakespeareMetaphorMetaphorcomparestwodifferentthingsbyspeakingofoneintermsoftheother.Unlikeasimileoranalogy,metaphorassertsthatonethingisanotherthing,notjustthatoneislikeanother.Veryfrequentlyametaphorisinvokedbythetobeverb.E.g.lThenJesusdeclared,"Iamthebreadoflife."–JohnThecomparisonassumesdifferentforms:lThisfirstbeamofhopethathadeverdartedintohismindrekindledyouthinhischeeksanddoubledthelusterofhiseyes.--SamuelJohnsonMetonymyMetonymyisanotherformoftrope,verysimilartosynecdoche(and,infact,somerhetoriciansdonotdistinguishbetweenthetwo),inwhichthethingchosenforthemetaphoricalimageiscloselyassociatedwith(butnotanactualpartof)thesubjectwithwhichitistobecompared.TheorderscamedirectlyfromtheWhiteHouseInthisexampleweknowthatthewritermeansthePresidentissuedtheorders,because"WhiteHouse"isquitecloselyassociatedwith"President,"eventhoughitisnotphysicallyapartofhim.SynecdocheSynecdocheisatypeoftropeinwhichthepartstandsforthewhole,thewholeforapart,thegenusforthespecies,thespeciesforthegenus,thematerialforthethingmade,