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新编语言学教程刘润清文旭ChapterOneLinguisticsDefinitionLinguisticsdiffersfromothersciencesinthatitbothuseslanguagesasthetoolandtakeslanguagesasitsobjecttostudy.3.Philology→Linguistics(语文学）（语言学）4.Linguisticstudy(1)diachronicstudy历时性学习Studythedevelopmentoflanguageinthecourseoftime.研究语言在不同时期的特点。(2)synchronicstudy共时性学习Studylinguisticsataparticularpointoftime(givenlinguisticstatusorstageofaparticularlanguage)研究语言在同一时期的不同阶段。Scopeoflinguistics:PhoneticsPhonologyMorphologyMicrolinguisticsSyntaxSemanticsPragmaticsSociolinguisticsMacrolinguisticsPsycholinguisticsStylistics5.Langue＆Parolelangue语言————————————————parole言语↓↓6.Languagecompetence＆languageperformanceLAD→innate(capacity/intuitivetoacquirelanguage)experience→→Grammar(foraparticularlanguage)↓‖competence→performance↓isn’tinnate※competence①(Grammar)isequaltoeverybody②idealknowledgeoflanguageuserperformance①isn’tequaltoeverybody②influencedbypsychologicalandsocialfactors.※Performanceistherealizationoftheknowledge※KnowledgeistheessenceofthecompetenceBehavioristheessenceoftheperformance※CommunicativeCompetence-------Hymes7.prescriptivism&descriptivismPrescriptivism:ChapterTwoLanguageDefinitionoflanguage:asetofrules(eg.Syntacticrules…)2.DesignfeaturesoflanguageArbitrarinessProductivityDualityDisplacementCulturaltransmissionSpecializationinterchangeability3.SocialfunctionsoflanguageCommunicativemeans(themostimportantone)Themeansforconceptualthinkingandrecognitionoftheworld.(3)Thevehicleandtransmitterofculture.languageiscultural-dependantlanguagemirrorsculture4.FunctionsoflanguageincommunicationPhaticDirectivefunctionInformativefunctionExpressivefunctionInterrogativefunctionEvocativefunctionPerformativefunctionChapterThreePhonetics:soundoflanguage(3)Auditoryphonetics(听觉语音学）:concernedwiththereception/perceptionofthehearer.3.InternationalPhoneticsAssociation(IPA)InternationalPhoneticsAlphabet(IPA)国际音标Bilabials/p//b//m//w/Labiodentals/f//v/Alveolars/d//t//s//z//n//r//l
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