2012年3月高级口译考试真题+答案+解析SpotDictation：Psychologistshavemanytheoriestoexplainhowwerememberinformation.Themostinfluentialtheoryisthatmemoryworksasakindofstoragesystemforinformation.Therearethreetypesofthesestoragesystemswithdifferentfunctionsthatholdinformationfordifferentamountsoftime.Theyaresensorymemory,short-termmemoryandlong-termmemory.Sensorymemoryholdsinformationfortheshortestamountoftime,lessthanforsecondsandinstant.Sensorymemoryiswherestimuliorthingsthatstimulateoursensesareverybrieflystored.Weforgetsensorymemoriesalmostinstantly,unlesstheypassedintoanotherstoragesystem.Examplesofthestimuliarewhatweseeandhearintheworld,suchasaflashoflightningorthesoundofadoorclosing.Short-termmemoryalsocalledworkingmemory,holdsinformationforabout15to20seconds.Thisisnotaverylongtime.Buttheinformationthatpassesintothissystemhasmoremeaningforusthanjustsensorystimulation.Someexpertsbelievethatsensoryinformationchangesintovisualimagesasitisstored.Andothersbelievethatinformationchangesintowords.Thereisnotmuchroomforinformationinshort-termmemory.Anditdidnotstaythereforverylong.Examplesofthistypesofinformationaretelephonenumbers,addressesandnames.Long-termmemoryholdsinformationalmostindefinitely,althoughretrievingitcansometimesbedifficult.Thinkoflong-termmemoryasaverybiglibrary,withalmostunlimitedcapacitiesforstorage.Informationgetsfiled,catalogedandstored.Long-termmemoryhasseveraldifferentcomponentsorcategories.Themaintwocategoriesaredeclarativememoryandprocedurememory.Declarativememoryiswherewestorefactualinformation,suchasnames,faces,dates,lifeevents.Procedurememoryiswherewestorememoryofskillsandhabits,likehowtorideabike,orhowtoboilanegg.Withinthedeclarativememory,therearesmallercategoriesofmemory,episodicmemoryandsemanticmemory.Episodicmemoryrelatestoourpersonallives.Thingswehavedoneorexperienced,suchashavingacaraccidentorgraduatingfromschool.Semanticmemoryiswhereweorganizegeneralknowledgeorfactsabouttheworld,suchasmathformulas,spellingrulesandcapitalcities.点